Anthropomorphism: Non-Human Communication and Human Self-Image Formation in the Animation Industry
Authors
DOI
10.59017/oratiodirecta.v6i2.103
Keywords:
Anthropomorphism, Self-image, Animation industry, Non-human communication, Moral valuesAbstract
This study reviews the use of anthropomorphic techniques in the animation industry. Through qualitative research based on descriptive-interpretive analysis, a phenomenological approach, and the theory of anthropomorphism developed by Wells and Parkinson, the study finds that anthropomorphized animals in animation series and digital feature films generally retain their natural characteristics and behavior while being represented in human form. Animation products contribute to the reformulation of imagination and the formation of a positive human self-image because their stories relate to current issues in human life. Anthropomorphism is not only entertaining but also conveys moral values and creates emotional bonds between audiences and characters. The study encourages animation and creative-film producers to continue creating content relevant to increasingly complex audience demands.
References
Book Akmal (2019). Lebih dekat dengan industri 4.0. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.
Atisah, Desi Nurul Anggraini, et al. (2021). Kisah Petualangan Seru Kancil dan Teman-Temannya (Seri Antologi Fabel Nusantara). Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.
Daniati, Nina Tri (2023). Dasar-dasar animasi (Buku Pegangan Guru). Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi
Guthrie, Stewart (2007). “Anthropology and anthropomorphism in religion”, in: Hervey Whitehouse and James Laidlaw (eds.) Religion, anthropology, and cognitive science. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press (pp 37-62).
Harun, Azhar, et al. (2014). “Anthropomorphism in Political Cartoon: Case Study of the 1965 Malaysia-Indonesia Confrontation”, in: O. Hassan, S. Abidin, R. Legino, R. Anwar, & M. Kamaruzaman (eds.) International Colloquium of Art and Design Education Research (i- CADER 2014). Springer, Singapore (pp 53-60).
Hutson, Matthew (2012). The 7 laws of magical thinking: How irrational beliefs keep us happy, healthy, and sane. New York: Hudson Street Press.
Jenkins, Henry (2006) Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York and London: New York University Press.
Mason, Jennifer (2002) Qualitative researching (Second Edition). California,Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.
McQuail, Dennis (2010). Mass communication theory (Six Edition). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Ltd.
Moleong, Lexy J. (2021). Metodologi penelitian kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Parkinson, Claire (2019). Animals, anthropomorphism and mediated encounters (First Edition). London: Routledge.
Reeves, Bryan, & Nass, Clifford I. (1996). The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Center for the Study of Language and Information: Cambridge University Press.
Stein, Andi & Evans, Beth Bingham (2019). An introduction to the entertainment industry. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.
Wells, Paul (1998). Understanding animation. New York, NY: Routledge.
Airenti, Gabriella (2018) The development of anthropomorphism in interaction: intersubjectivity, imagination, and theory of mind. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 9, 21-36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02136.
Aris, Qori Islami & Syam, Essy (2023). Anthropomorphism in Upin and Ipin: A study of children’s literature. Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies, 4(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.30984/kijms.v4i1.593.
Bai, Shizhen, et al. (2023) Uncovering the effectiveness of anthropomorphic communication on the country-of-origin stereotypes from the perspective of psychological elements. Scientific Report, 13(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-0 23-45963-x.
Bailey, Lee W. (2020). “Anthropomorphism”. In: David A. Leeming (eds.) Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion (Third Edition). New York, Boston, MA: Springer (pp 79–87).
Chan, Eugene Y. (2020). Political conservatism and anthropomorphism: An investigation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 30(3), 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1147.
Ciptaviana, Anastasia Dinda, et al. (2023). Kesesuaian gaya visualisasi antropomorfisme dalam desain biophilic untuk media anak usia prasekolah. Demandia: Jurnal Desain Komunikasi Visual, Manajemen Desain dan Periklanan, 8(1), 107-130. https://doi.org/10.25124/demandia.v8i1.5190.
Dabiran, Ehsan, et al. (2024). Virtually human: anthropomorphism in virtual influencer marketing, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 79(c),103797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103797.
Davies, Julian (2010). Anthropomorphism in science. 11(10), 721-732. https://doi.org/10.1038/embor.2010.143.
Ding, Anni, et al. (2022). Anthropomorphism in hospitality and tourism: A systematic review and agenda for future research. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Vol. 52, 404-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.07.018.
Fawcett, Lessa (1989) Anthropomorphism: In the web of culture. UnderCurrents Journal of Critical Environmental Studies, 1(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.25071/2292-4736/37636.
Feng, Wenting, et al. (2020). The influence of anthropomorphic communication in social media on the country-of-origin effect. International Journal of Advertising: The Review of Marketing Communications, 39(8), 1202–1227. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/02650487.2020.1755182.
Festerling, Jenik & Siraj, Iram (2021). Anthropomorphizing technology: A conceptual review of anthropomorphism research and how it relates to children’s engagements with digital voice assistants. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science. 56(1), 709–738 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-021-09668-y.
Ghedini, Fiammetta & Bergamasco, Massimo (2010). Robotic creatures: Anthropomorphism and interaction in contemporary art. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301899556_Robotic_creatures_Anthropomorphism_and_ interaction_in_contemporary_art.
Grasso, Chiara, et al. (2020). Anthropomorphized nonhuman animals in mass media and their influence on human attitudes toward wildlife. Society and Animals. 31(7),1-25. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-BJA10021.
Jin, Xinyi & Qian, Min (2021). A review of brand anthropomorphism marketing research. BJP Business & Management, Vol. 14, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v14i.69.
Kurniawan, Heru, et al (2018). Penalaran Moral Anak Dalam Cerita Pada Majalah Bobo dan Harian Kompas. Jurnal Poetika, 6(2), 66-75. https://doi.org/10.22146/poetika.v6i2.39017.
Lanier, Clinton D., et al. (2013). Anthropomorphism, marketing relationships, and consumption worth in the Toy Story Trilogy. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(1), 26–47, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2013.769020.
Luoma-Aho, Mika (2009). Political theology, anthropomorphism, and person-hood of the state: The religion of international relation. International Political Sociology, 3(3), 293- 309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2009.00077.x.
Malhotra, Naresh K., Jain, Arun K., & Lagakos, Stephen W. (1982). The information overload controversy: An alternative viewpoint. The Journal of Marketing, 46(2), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000614566341.
Mayasari, Iin & Haryanto, Handrix C. (2022). The elements of brand anthropomorphism: Qualitative investigation into local brands amongst young adult consumers. ASEAN Marketing Journal, 4(1), 53-71. https://doi.org/10.21002/amj.v 14i1.1150.
McRae, Donna Leanna & Vale, Michael (2016). The ‘Cutopia’ paradox: Anthropomorphism as entertainment. Ecozon@, 7(1), 128-143. http://ecozona.edu/article/view/985/1024.
Mitchell, Robert W., & Hamm, Mark (1997). The interpretation of animal psychology: Anthropomorphism or behavior reading? Behaviour, 134(3-4) https://doi.org/10.1163/156853997X00449.
Nadya & Santoso, Lusi (2023). Analisa visual desain karakter serial animasi “Kuku Rock You”. Jurnal Titik Imaji, 4(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.30813/.v4i1.2758.
Ratna, Vir Ved (2023). Improving brand relationship with consumer: Anthropomorphism role in brand communication over social media. Journal of Harbin Engineering University, 44(8), 1973-1984.
Schneider, Sascha, et al. (2018) The more human, the higher the performance? Examining the effects of anthropomorphism on learning with media. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(1), 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000273.
Shavira, Puspita Ayu (2020). Antropomorfisme Brand: Kampanye Digital Pencegahan COVID-19 Oleh Traveloka. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 10(2), 125-140. https://doi.org/10.15642/jik.2020.10.2.125-140.
Spatola, Nicolas, et al. (2022). Different models of anthropomorphism across cultures and ontological limits in current frameworks the integrative framework of anthropomorphism. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Vol. 9. https://doi.or g/10.3389/frobt.2022.863319.
Wood, Matthew (2019). The potential for anthropomorphism in communicating science: Inspiration from Japan. Cultural of Science, 2(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/209660831900200103.
Zemblay, Michalinos (2020). The affective grounding of post-truth: Pedagogical risks and transformative possibilities in countering post-truth claims. Pedagogy, Culture and Society, 28(1), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366 .2019.1598476.
Aditya, Candra (2024, May 12). “Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes: Isinya Daging Semua” In: https://www.detik.com/ pop/movie-review/d-7336279/kingdom-of-the-planet-of-the-apesisinya-daging-semua.
AINAKI (2020, n.d). “Indonesia Animation Report 2020”. In: https://ainaki.or.id/indonesiaanimation-report-2 020/
Alfaridzi, Muhamad Ikhlas (2023, December 08) “Majas/Gaya Bahasa yang Memberikan Sifat Manusiawi Kepada Benda Mati atau Entitas Non-Manusia”. In: https://www.brilio.net/ragam/20-contoh-majas-personification-dalam-b ahasa-inggrislengkap-dengan-pengertiannya-231207i.html?page=all.
Ambrose, Kristy (2022, April 09). “13 Awesome ‘80s Cartoons That Have Been Forgotten To Time” In: https://gamerant .com/awesome-forgotten-80s-cartoons/
cnnindonesia.com. (2024, December 28). “Daftar 10 Film Global Terlaris 2024”. In: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hib uran/20241227213156-2201181662/daftar-10-filmglobal-terlaris-2024.
data.goodstats.id (2024, October 09). “Mulai dari Animasi Hingga Aksi, Ini Dia 10 Film Terlaris di 2024”. In: h t t p s : //data.goodstats.id/ statistic/mulai-dari-animasi-hingga-aksi-ini-dia-10film-terlaris-di-2024-aSuH0.
detik.com (2024, March 06). “Sinopsis Kung Fu Panda 4 Lengkap dengan Daftar Pemain dan Fakta Menariknya”. In: https: //www.detik.com/jateng/budaya/d-7227543/sinopsis-kungfu-panda-4-lengkap-dengan-daftar-pemai n-dan-fakta-menariknya.
Guthrie, Stewart E. (2024) “Anthropomorphism”. In: https://www.britannica.com/topik/anthropomorphism.
Jones, Rendy (2024, June 13). “Inside Out 2 Cast and Characters: See Who Voices Each Emotion (Returning and New!) in the Pixar Sequel”. In: https://ew.com/inside-out-2-cast-voicesbehind-emotions-8657932.
kemenparekraf.go.id (2024, February 23). “Perkembangan Industri Animasi di Indonesia Berpotensi Tembus Pasar Global”. In: https://kemenparekraf.go.id/ragam-ekonomikreatif/perkembangan-industri-animasi-di-indonesia-b erpotensi-tembus-pasar-global.
kompasiana.com (2014, November 26). “Uwa and Friends, Serial Animasi 3D Dengan Karakter Lokal Indonesia”. In: https: / / w w w . k o m p a s i a n a . c o m / hiccastudios/uwa-and-friends-serialanimasi-3d-dengan-karakter-lokal-indonesia#goog _rewarded.
Martinelli, Olimpia Gaia (2022, September 04). “Anthropomorphism in Art”. In: https://www.artmajeur.com/en/magaz ine/5-art-history/ anthropomorphism-in-art/331981.
Nikolopoulou, Kassiani (2023, September 23) “What Is Anthropomorphism? Definition & Examples”. In: https://www.scri bbr.com/academic-writing/anthropomorphism/
Nurhakim, Ahmad & Andriyani, Riska (2023, March 01). “10 Contoh Cerita Fabel Kaya Pesan Moral dan Struktur Isinya”. In: https://www.quipper.com/id/blog/mapel/bahasaindonesia/contoh-cerita-fabel/
pwc.com (2023) “Global Entertainment and Media Outlook 2023-2027”. In: https://www.pwc.com/id/en/media-centr e/press-release/2023/indonesian/global-entertain ment-and-media-outlook-2023-2027.html.
punchydigitalmedia.com.au (n.d). “Animation Styles”. In: https://www.punchydigitalmedia.com. au/services/animationstudio/animation-styles/
Reiff, Nathan (2024, July 17) “10 Biggest Entertainment Companies”. In: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/in vesting/020316/worlds-top-10-entertainmentcompanies-cmcsa-cbs.asp.
remotivi.or.id (2023, November 08) “Mengenal Antropomorfisme dalam Dunia Media”. In: https://www.remotivi.or.id /headline/konsep-dan-isu/849.
Yonanda, Nancy (2023, September 23). “Sejarah Perkembangan Animasi Dunia dari Masa ke Masa”. In: https://tirto.id /sejarah-perkembangan-animasi-dunia-dari-masa-ke-masa-gPeF.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Bambang Mudjiyanto et al.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
